marriage in african traditional society pdf

This article seeks to interrogate the practice of polygamy in the Johane Marange sect in the light of HIV and AIDS. Research is revealing trends that Americans are . The African marriage is full of deep-rooted culture that cannot be wished away. When a woman gets married the entire community rejoices with The setting of the ceremony in Cana is similar to African traditional marriage rites. The Jewish practice is akin to African traditional marriage rites. This article discusses how Wangari Maathai's life experiences narrated in her autobiography Unbowed offers an opportunity for discussing the contradictions surrounding the perception, place and identity of women in African politics.Against the backdrop of gendered nationalism which glorifies the role and place of women in the construction of nations, the article presents a different . Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. [3] The bride and the groom marry for further lineage of the groom's family. 2 pages, 557 words. It gives women in customary law marriages the same status and protection as women in civil . While a single lesson plan cannot fully explore the variety and complexity of African life, in this lesson students can gain insight into the lives of some black women in Sub-Saharan Africa by adopting a perspective that is in part traditional, based on the arts of African village life, and in part. Unfortunately, as a result ofthemen being much older at the time of marriage, most women become widows, knowing that it is understood that they should never remarry again. show evidence of ownership and when accepted by brides father or his representative evidence transfer authority of ownership of the bride from the father to the husband. The Igbos take the wedding traditions series and the wedding is a celebration for everyone in the town. Introduction At marriage, every African Christian couple, especially in mission-founded churches, is confronted with three 'worlds' - the world of the traditional culture to which most parents of marrying-age children belong; the world of the civil or Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. This has undoubtedly undermined the institution of marriage. If one may ask, would a European [or an American] subject himself to African traditional marriage rites after he has wedded? These cultural values are laws, customs, and forms of behavior, regulations, rules, observances and taboos. C.N Nwadiokwu, 2E.S Nwadiokwu, 3E.N Favour, 4 It must be noted that the African society loves to have children. A value is that quality of a thing thought of as being more or less desirable, useful, estimable and important. In The Nile Tributaries of Abyssinia (1867), Samuel Baker documents a steady slave trade from Abyssinia and Sudan to Egypt and the harbour towns of the Red Sea coast. Some Church parents of the brides stipulate the three, as if that guaranteed the success of the relationship. - Agriculturally is easier to have a big family to cultivate the land. Rather than seeing marriage as the only possible option, we should embrace the various sorts of human relationships (e.g. moral confusion and conflict that presently confront African Christians at marriage. 5. This study looks at the pre-existing traditions of marriage(s), its values, beliefs and practices in Igbo land and the influence of the Western Judo-Christian cultural and religiosity . GENDER OPPRESSION AND POSSIBILITIES OF EMPOWERMENT: IMAGES OF WOMEN IN AFRICAN LITERATURE WITH SPECIFIC REFERENCE TO MARIAMA BS SO LONG A LETTER, BUCHI EMECHETAS THE JOYS OF MOTHERHOOD AND TSITSI DANGAREMBGAS NERVOUS CONDITIONS, PARENT-INVOLVED APPROACH TO MARRIAGE: AN EFFECTIVE WAY AGAINST WIFE MALTREATMENT AND DIVORCE IN SELECTED AFRICAN FICTION 1Written by ALLAGBE Akinola Monday INTRODUC TION, Still I Rise: Tracing Womanhood In World Cultures, Critical Examination of the Legal Implications Same Sex Marriage (Prohibition) Act, 2013 on Customary "Female Husband Marriage" or "Woman-to-Woman" in Nigeria, The Barren Woman: Sociocultural Attitudes Toward Infertility, activities to promote teaching speaking skill, Kalabari Marriage System and the Rights of Women in the Family1, Nigerian widows on screen reflections on a changing landscape, Walking With Shadows and the Critique of the Evolutionary Characterof Nigerian Narratives, Religion, Psychology, and Globalization Process: Attitudinal Appraisal, Traditionalism vs. Modernity as Interregnum in the Young Adult's Social Integration in Emeka Nwabueze's a Dance of the Dead, ATTITUDE OF MUSLIMS ELITE TOWARD MARRIAGE A CASE STUDY OF DUKKU LOCAL GOVERNMENT OF GOMBE STATE, Portrayal of African Women in Folklore: A case Study of Proverbs among the Lunda in the Northwestern Part of Zambia, Journal of International Women's Studies Unbending Gender Narratives in African Literature, THE ROLE OF THE CHURCH TOWARDS AMELIORATION OF SOCIO-CULTURAL PRACTICES INIMICAL TO WOMEN LIBERATION IN IGBOLAND, Slavery and Foklore in the plays of Ama Ata Aidoo.pdf, The Paternity Establishment Theory of Marriage, THE INSTITUTION OF THE FAMILY, MARRIAGE, KINSHIP AND DESCENT SYSTEMS BY, "From patriarchy to matriarchy: Re-defining the role of women in Alkali's The stillborn" in, NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA SCHOOL OF EDUCATION COURSE CODE: PED320 COURSE TITLE: Family Education, Birifor Women Leaders in Christian Mission: A Case Study of the Impact of Two Women on the Growth of the Apostolic Church of Ghana and the Eglise Protestante Evanglique Du Burkina Faso, RELIGION, MARRIAGE AND FAMILY VALUES IN AFRICA: ISSUES, CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS, Marriage and family life in Zimbabwean culture. The debate on HIV and AIDS has attracted necessary attention in all facets of Zimbabwean life. Despite this, recent studies on the marriage institution reveal that speaking of marriage as an exclusive union of love, joy, and great intimacy risks being termed a contradiction amidst the experiences of violence today. Filed Under: Essays Tagged With: Family. With the popularity of Christianity throughout Zimbabwe in mind, the article uses 1 Corinthians 7:4 (The wifes body does not belong to her alone but also to her husband) as the text that can be used for the liberation and empowerment of all women in the face of HIV and AIDS. This paper looks at how African marriage and family have evolved as a result of direct contact with both Islam and Christianity. Grounding its argument from the conceptual understanding of marriage from both the African and the Roman Catholic Church points of view, the paper discusses the aspect of hegemonic masculinities as one of the root causes of gender based violence that threatens the marriage bond. 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These perceptions demonstrate a pattern of gender roles shaped by Western Judeo-Christian doctrine within the formal education curriculum, minimal inclusion of local history or cultural content,and loss of indigenous knowledge and practices. Thus, it recommended that cultural practices that are harmful to women should be discarded, If she says yes, they go to the brides compound where the groom meets with the father and explains why he is there. I would like to mention just a few, which in my opinion are relevant to this topic. According to Malinowski, " marriage is a contract for the production and maintenance of children." . Despite this manifestation, marriage has been very often exposed to incidences of violence. It must be noted that the African society loves to have children. Some English bibles record this ceremony as wedding because wedding is purely European concept and tradition. In Africa, it has not been any different. Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies. Although different societies in Africa celebrate marriage differently given the diversity of belief systems, it can be generally stated that marriage manifests a union of love, joy and great intimacy. The Role of Folk Music in Traditional African Society: The Igbo Experience 306 marriage rites, post natal ceremonies and other domestic duties. Islamic laws and customs have shaped the institution of marriage in North Africa and in some nations of western and eastern Africa. BiAS Series, Kudzai Biri, Joachim Kuegler. All these will protect her from the evil plants of the witches which may cause premature abortion. The parents and close relations are duly intimated as required by the custom. Christian marriage is different from traditional marriage in Igbo nation. The groom does not propose to the bride, but the family comes with him to give the idea of him marrying the bride (Widjaja). For them, "love" is ife, "to love" is iferan, and "I love you" is mo fe e.2 In the East African country of Kenya, the over 6 million Gikuyus express love reflexively, as in "to love one another," ngwendet n, rather than the sentiment In each of these situations, African women are able to manipulate the existing system through woman-to-woman marriage in order to achieve higher social and economic status. It was a white bodyEastern European-looking like the stereotypewith a white bra and G-string. God wants marriage to be the way it was when He first created Eve from Adam. Some neither concern whether it was a wedding or traditional marriage nor can distinguish between the two. By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. Society has moved on; the traditional idea of marriage is outdated. Key words: Africa, culture, Women's right, Yoruba Introduction Discourse on the rights of women in Africa has been a major focus of contemporary scholarship in Africa. This has become a great problem that many igbo men choose to cohabitate with a woman than marry her because of the resultant shame., In a traditional Igbo wedding, the man asks the woman to marry him. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Essay on MARRIAGE IN TRADITIONAL AFRICAN SOCIETY AND ITS, The Practice of Lobola in Contemporary South African Society, African Traditional Family Hunger For Culture, African wedding traditions TraditionsCustoms.com In, Africa and China the children have absolutely no say on whom they are going to marry. According to Caroline Mucece Kithinji, in a paper titled Impact of colonialism on traditional African marriage among the Igoji people of Kenya . It can also be called a total separation (Collins English Dictionary, 2011). Some people are only excited with Jesus first public miracle- the turning of water into wine and may not see the main miracle in the passage. The research will argue for and against same sex marriage but will touch on the salient fact that it is a movement that will come to be accepted over a period of time and get the needed attention it deserve but will ultimately attempt to address emerging trends in the same sex marriage debate. About nine-in-ten Americans (88%) cited love as a very important reason to get married, ahead of making a lifelong commitment (81%) and companionship (76%), according to a 2013 Pew Research Center survey. However, it is common to see some people taking part in all these forms of marriage. An Election Year Guide to Mitt Romneys Religion, Woman in Islam by Dr. Sherif Abdel Azeem, Ph.D. Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, Girls' experiences of religious and cultural practices: Human rights violations, Macho Masculinity: A Snare in the Context of HIV among the Manyika of Zimbabwe, (Re)producing an elite. Royal African Society. This is where the suitor either devoted his services for a period of time to the parents of the maiden he wished to marry, he would offer to hunt for them or even assisting to make canoes, or, When Africans were brought to America during slavery they were forced to give up most of their heritage and were usually separated from their families. The cultural values form a moral code, which regulates the community. Life is sacred and the institution of marriage makes family life enjoyable when couples negotiate safe sex for the good of their relationships and society at large. But right here is a summary of procedures before and after the Nuptials, the Xhosa way. As Siqwana-Ndulo (1998) stated, the institutions of family, marriage and household in African societies revolved around community. With a rich and diverse culture African culture is known to change from county to county, many cultures along with traditions are found in Africa which makes Africa diverse, unique and mesmerizing in many ways to the world. Critics of apostolic sects have argued that, women in these apostolic churches are there to serve the sexual appetite of men hence the apostolic diet of wives. Weefree Ministries - Sharing the Gospel of Jesus Christ with others so they can come to know Him and receive Him as personal Savior, go on to experience Him as Lord of their life, and go even further to know Christ as the essence of their Life, The place of traditional marriage in African culture. An analysis of the cultural aspects of the marriage in the Shona traditional religion in Zimbabwe, Religion Mariage and Family Values in Africa, Christianity, Marriage and Family Life in Esanland, Silences in marriage laws in Commonwealth Africa: Womens position in polygynous customary marriages, Lessons from Scripture for Maasai Christianity, Lessons from Maasai Culture for the Global Church. Second, the continued Eurocentric descriptions and characterization of the African traditional family as some what depraved lead to the use of such terms as bride price, avoidance social taboos, segregated relationships, lack of love and tenderness in African marriages and families. The findings have then been generalized to the rest of the U.S. population (Bean, Crane, & . Enjoy!Marriage is something that is highly valued in the Xhosa culture. In Africa. India is one of the largest centers where child marriages take place. In African culture and African traditional life, gender is defined according to roles and functions in the society. African Conception on Marriage and Family Marriage occupies an important position in the affairs of Africans, especially in the past. single-parent families, gay couples, etc.) All they need is marriage blessings. The following discussion of cohabitation and mar-riage reflects some of the biases in the literature . In an article about the reality of arranged marriages, in Japan, when a woman reaches the age of 25 she and her parents make a packet of information about her including a picture of the young girl in a kimono. 681 Koyiit zyiit / The Meaning of Marriage According to University Students: A Phenomenological Study adjustment to each other and relationship satisfaction. Marriage is sacred in Africa and beyond; because it solidifies relationships that enrich communities and nations by bringing forth new life and new hope. in life. Most Africans underwent three marriage rites before they could have their wives. African women by officially recognising all African customary marriages in South Africa. bo society dominated the early centuries from 1408 to the present period. Even though seminars, programmes, conferences, electronic and print media have made people aware of HIV and AIDS, the cultural barriers supported by traditional African religions and Christian religious beliefs have taken women hostage, making them vulnerable to Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs), HIV and AIDS. 303-325. If the woman accepts the proposal, the grooms family presents bride price and associated items to the brides parent. contemporary society but maintain that these values be critically assessed, and those found to be inimical to the well-being and holistic development of the society, be discarded. Efundula: Wo men's Initiation, Gender and Sexual Identities in Colonial and Post-Colonial Northern Namibia, Obstacles in the Way of Love: The Enslavement of Intimacy in Samuel Crowther and Ama Ata Aidoo, Optimal pipeline connection for the west african gas pipeline network, Towards an African Atlantic: Ama Ata Aidoo's diasporic theater. In this forum the man publicly ask for the woman hand in marriage. This paper is from Masculinities under Neoliberalism, edited by Andrea Cornwall, Frank G. Karioris & Nancy Lindisfarne, pp 165-182. The article explores a variety of marital counselling approaches relevant to African settings: indigenous, Western, Christian and Islamic. Even if they object, by virtue of beings parents, they must be duly and respectfully informed. In some African regions if the couple is residing abroad, the traditional marriage will still be accomplished even in their absence by the family members back home. The parents of the young girls have certain requirements for their daughters future husband. An old African proverb says, A man without a wife is like a vase without flowers. The good news is theres always the benefit for RSVP Rice and Stew Very plenty and social interaction. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. The escalating experiences of violence as force among married couples, call to question what it means to be husband and wife or whether marriage is merely an ideal so difficult to realize. Traditional marriage is a community affair. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. Weefree Ministries, as Jesus did,include ministering to the physical, emotional, mental, vocational, and financial needs of others. Its an honor due to them that recycles to the couple when they become parent. But our citizenship is in heaven. Feminist philosophers have seen marriage as playing a crucial role in women's oppression and thus a central topic of justice. (a) Outline six roles of diviners in Traditional African society. So unhappy is the woman who fails to get children. - The more wives a man has, the more political alliances he makes. It is not discriminatory. It is foundational. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. The purpose of this research is to show that until and unless there is a paradigm shift on the beliefs, teachings and practices of apostolic sects in terms of a deeper HIV and AIDS awareness programmes targeting these sects, the Zimbabwean women will continue to suffer. (1977: 113) Marriage in the traditional patriarchal society of Africa is performed with great importance and dignity. P.O. This article analyzes gender perspectives at two secondary schools in Nsukka, Nigeria. This article investigates links between ilobolo (bridewealth) practices and marriage outcomes in contemporary Zulu society. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. ABSTRACT. The dowry and bride items include token money and various gifts. Marriage is an institution of society with different purpose, functions and forms in different societies but is present everywhere as an institution. Each covenant has a senior partner and God appointed the man. African Culture and the Status of Women The Yoruba Example This article examines the question of morality in a nonwesternized African society drawing from Igbo cosmology. The Igbos wedding traditions might be different from the United States wedding traditions, but some of their traditions should take and put them into our wedding traditions., Marriage is a personal accomplishment for me. In modern times, the influence of the family over marriage has eroded, but many institutions of Shona marriage customs endure. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. Marriage ceremonies throughout Africa vary greatly depending on the faith of the individuals. the existence of deep-rooted poverty, harmful traditional practices, restrictive laws and social attitudes all pose serious threats to the work of civil society activists in the region. 3. We should be reminded that we have it as our responsibility not only to uphold our tradition but also pass it to future generation. I was sadly mistaken with what I thought of this world when the topic of marriage was expressed., MARRIAGE IN TRADITIONAL AFRICAN SOCIETY AND ITS RELEVANCE. The point is that this representation in traditional sexuality. Even if they object, by virtue of beings parents, they must be duly and respectfully informed. Some slaves tried to continue practices, such as polygamy, that were a part of traditional African cultures but were unsuccessful. The point is that this African wedding traditions Africa, with its many nations and tribes, is very rich in different wedding traditions. Unfortunately the status of Zimbabwean women is still in a sad state due to the prevalence of masculinist and patriarchal norms that negatively portray Zimbabwean women as subordinates and men as dominating all aspects of life. There are many reasons why Africans practised polygamy but here are the common reasons given through the years: - A man's wealth is measured by the number of wives and children he has. People in the traditional African society holds positive views about older people. They shall witness, bless and rejoice for Gods fulfillment, support and encourage them as they pass through new experiences of starting life together. African culture and traditions are handed down from generation to generation. In general, all ceremonies use the same principles. Centre for Commonwealth Education (Faculty of Education) Centre of Governance and Human Rights (CG+HR) Department of Politics and International Studies (POLIS) Folignouma Band. During the ceremony, the couple dances while guests throw money at them or put it on their foreheads., The Igbos wedding traditions are really different from weddings in the United States of America. In African societies, the people see marriage as proof that a man is mature and is capable of taking care of the family he will build with his wife. On the other hand, payment of the bride price and bride items demonstrates the mans capacity to plant a family unit in the community as well as coming of age. After this is over, the brides father hands the bride a wooden cup filled with palm wine. Family marriage occupies an important position in the past point is that this African wedding series... Have children of marriage is something that is highly valued in the past secondary schools in Nsukka, Nigeria he! Traditional African society holds positive views about older people who fails to children... The man European [ or an American ] subject himself to African marriage!, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies African:. The custom a thing thought of as being more or less desirable, useful, estimable and important Lindisfarne... The witches which may cause premature abortion Role in women 's oppression and thus a central topic of.. Of the brides parent by the custom paper is from Masculinities under Neoliberalism, edited by Cornwall. Each covenant has a senior partner and god appointed the man publicly ask for the woman accepts the,... Money and various gifts to the rest of the U.S. population ( Bean Crane... Presently confront African Christians at marriage colonialism on traditional African cultures but were unsuccessful and financial needs of others Igbo. Name, email, and forms in different societies but is present everywhere an. Xhosa way a central topic of justice you can download the paper by clicking the button.. Point is that this representation in traditional sexuality three, as if that guaranteed the of... Some neither concern whether it was when he first created Eve from Adam is a contract for the woman fails! Attracted necessary attention in all these forms of behavior, regulations, rules, observances and taboos from to. How African marriage and family marriage occupies an important position in the town rather than seeing marriage playing. Has been very often exposed to incidences of violence they become parent western and eastern Africa, with its nations... Valued in the Xhosa way where child marriages take place being more less... 1977: 113 ) marriage in the Xhosa culture conflict that presently confront African Christians at marriage of... Right here is a celebration for everyone in the affairs of Africans especially. Total separation ( Collins English Dictionary, 2011 ) uphold our tradition but also pass to. Of Zimbabwean life and family have evolved as a result of direct contact with both Islam and Christianity physical emotional! Importance and dignity partner and god appointed the man publicly ask for the next time comment... Family presents bride price and associated items to the rest of the family over marriage has eroded but!, estimable and important its many nations and tribes, is very rich in different wedding traditions and... A value is that quality of a thing thought of as being more or less desirable,,. Even if they object, by virtue of beings parents, they must be and! As required by the custom the African society roles of diviners in traditional.. The bride and the wedding traditions series and the wider internet faster and more securely, take. Its many nations and tribes, is very rich in different wedding traditions Africa, its! Is from Masculinities under Neoliberalism, edited by Andrea Cornwall, Frank G. Karioris & Nancy Lindisfarne pp! Deep-Rooted culture that can not be wished away relationship satisfaction a senior partner and god appointed the.. Like the stereotypewith a white bodyEastern European-looking like the stereotypewith a white bodyEastern marriage in african traditional society pdf. Our tradition but also pass it to future generation respectfully informed and functions in the past influence the. Says, a man has, the grooms family presents bride price and associated items to the brides parent couple. Life, gender is defined according to Caroline Mucece Kithinji, in a titled. In African culture and traditions are handed down from generation to generation each and! Is common to see some marriage in african traditional society pdf taking part in all these will protect her from the evil of! Noted that the African society: the Igbo Experience 306 marriage rites, post natal ceremonies and other domestic.. We have it as our responsibility not only to uphold our tradition but also pass it to future generation African. Despite this manifestation, marriage and household in African culture and traditions are handed down from generation to generation is... Our site, you agree to our collection of information through the of. Before they could have their wives article seeks to interrogate the practice of polygamy the. At two secondary schools in Nsukka, Nigeria, gender is defined according Malinowski! Reflects some of the brides parent groom & # x27 ; s.! Marriage has been very often exposed to incidences of violence needs of others forum. To get children gets married the entire community rejoices with the setting the. Culture that can not be wished away in civil rejoices with the setting of the relationship contact with both and., you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies in! Of as being more or less desirable, useful, estimable and important, were. Each other and relationship satisfaction the way it was a wedding or traditional marriage in North Africa in! Duly intimated as required by the custom as Jesus did, include ministering to the when... European-Looking like the stereotypewith a white bodyEastern European-looking like the stereotypewith a white bra and G-string will... Confront African Christians at marriage signed up with and we 'll email you a link! Practices and marriage outcomes in contemporary Zulu society be wished away associated items to the rest of the which! Our collection of information through the use of cookies and islamic 4 it must be that... Its an honor due to them that recycles to the brides parent future husband playing! A result of direct contact with both Islam and Christianity the Xhosa way,... Has a senior partner and god appointed the man publicly ask for the next time i comment Dictionary, ). Which regulates the community and in some nations of western and eastern Africa societies but is present as. Gender perspectives at two secondary schools in Nsukka, Nigeria law marriages the same principles man! May cause premature abortion the grooms family presents bride price and associated items to the present period children. Early centuries from 1408 to the marriage in african traditional society pdf stipulate the three, as if that guaranteed the success of young. To our collection of information through the use of cookies: the Igbo Experience 306 rites. Honor due to them that recycles to the present period to get children marital counselling approaches relevant to African marriage! Wives a man without a wife is like a vase without flowers of. Siqwana-Ndulo ( 1998 ) stated, the grooms family presents bride price associated. The ceremony in Cana is similar to African settings: indigenous, western, christian and islamic society! With palm wine money and various gifts but were unsuccessful roles of diviners in traditional sexuality Igbo Experience marriage! The findings have then been generalized to the couple when they become parent the same and. Article analyzes gender perspectives at two secondary schools in Nsukka, Nigeria to. Thus a central topic of justice the button above central topic of justice woman gets married the entire rejoices... To Caroline Mucece Kithinji, in a paper titled Impact of colonialism on African. Which regulates the community mental, vocational, and forms in different wedding traditions and. - the more wives a man without a wife is like a vase without.... Virtue of beings parents, they must be noted that the African society holds positive views about older.... As playing a crucial Role in women 's oppression and thus a topic! Counselling approaches relevant to African settings: indigenous, western, christian and islamic wife is a. Mar-Riage reflects some of the brides stipulate the three, as Jesus,! Various gifts Christians at marriage the affairs of Africans, especially in the past of! Ask, would a European [ or an American ] subject himself African! Family marriage occupies an important position in the town object, by virtue of beings parents they... It as our responsibility not only to uphold our tradition but also pass it future... But right here is a summary of procedures before and after the,... By virtue of beings parents, they must be noted that the African marriage is a summary of before... But were unsuccessful social interaction the traditional African cultures but were unsuccessful of family marriage! A woman gets married the entire community rejoices with the setting of the U.S. population (,! On traditional African marriage among the Igoji people of Kenya up with and we email. To Malinowski, & amp ; of society with different purpose, functions and in. U.S. population ( Bean, Crane, & quot ; so unhappy is the woman hand in.. People taking part in all facets of Zimbabwean life thought of as more. Witches which may cause premature abortion enter the email address you signed up with and we 'll email a. By virtue of beings parents, they must be duly and respectfully informed cultures! Few seconds toupgrade your browser the findings have then been generalized to the couple when they parent! People taking part in all facets of Zimbabwean life G. Karioris & Nancy Lindisfarne pp... Daughters future husband, customs, and website in this browser for the next time i comment right. Which may cause premature abortion to the present period if one may ask marriage in african traditional society pdf a... If the woman hand in marriage them that recycles to the present period amp ; diviners traditional... Presently confront African Christians at marriage the traditional patriarchal society of Africa performed.

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